A comprehensive study on soundness, microstructure, and uniformity of 2024 aluminum cups hydro-mechanically drawn at elevated temperatures

In the present research work, hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HMDD) process of 2024 aluminum alloy is performed experimentally and numerically for elevated temperatures. The main variables forming include fluid pressure, pre-bulge temperature. effects these parameters on thickness distribution uniformity index final product have been investigated. Using hardness test, preferred crystallographic orientation, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, microstructure images obtained from an optical microscope a scanning electron microscope, relationship between grain size, hardness, effective plastic strain studied discussed. findings imply that HMDD without pressure reduces and, other hand, excessive increase in this parameter causes tearing workpiece. along cup wall was agreement with refinement Hall–Petch relationship, but it not correspond to expectations made via texture analyses. gained spectroscopy different areas Al sample demonstrated Al2Cu precipitations were finer than mainly dispersed at boundaries. This type precipitation origin increasing comparison corner bottom. words, hardening overwhelmed influence orientation grains operation 2024.